Annulus repair systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for repairing annulus defects include scaffold ( 30 ), attachment members ( 40 ), and anchors ( 20 ). The scaffold ( 30 ) acts as a plug to substantially fill the annulus defect. The anchors ( 20 ) are secured to tissue adjacent the annulus defect. The attachment member ( 40 ) secures the scaffold ( 30 ) to the anchors ( 2 ). Thus, the systems and methods for repairing annulus defects retain the scaffold within the annulus defect.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/243,941 filed on Oct. 27, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of spinal surgery, and more particularly to systems and methods for repairing the annulus fibrosis of a spinal disc.

[0003] There are various surgical procedures that create a defect in the annulus fibrosis, such as, for example, an annulotomy, a discectomy, nucleotomy, implantation of artificial disc nucleus or artificial disc prosthesis, or repair of a disc herniation. Repair of annulus defects is normally perceived as time consuming and ineffective. Thus, annulus defects are commonly left unrepaired. This may lead to a higher incidence of disc reherhiation or expulsion of the implant from the disc space.

[0004] In those procedures where the annulus is repaired via sutures that attempt to close the defect by pulling the surrounding tissue together, there are difficult challenges encountered. Typically, the annulus defect is a large hole that can be five millimeters or larger in diameter. The size of the hole makes it very difficult to close with conventional suturing techniques since it is difficult to actively engage the sutures in the surrounding annulus tissues. The sutures can also cut or tear through the annulus tissues after the repair has been made.

[0005] The prior art includes a surgical device for sealing a biological aperture in situ that is made from a porous expandable material. One disadvantage, however, is that the device could possibly move in the aperture or become dislodged from the aperture.

[0006] What is therefore needed is a system and method for spinal surgery which provides a quick and effective repair for defects in the annulus fibrosis which will remain in the defect after placement to seal the opening and/or promote healing. The present invention is directed toward meeting this need, among others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention is directed to systems and methods for repairing annulus defects. Embodiments of the system include scaffolds, attachment members, and anchors. The scaffold acts as a plug to substantially fill the annulus defect. The anchors are secured to the vertebral bodies on each side of the disc space. The attachment members secure the scaffold to the anchors.

[0008] According to one aspect of the invention, a method for repairing an annulus defect provided. One or more anchors are secured to each of the upper and lower vertebral bodies adjacent the annulus defect site. One or more attachment members are then attached to the anchors. It is contemplated that the attachment members can be attached to the anchors either before or after the anchors are secured to the vertebral bodies. One or more tissue scaffolds are then attached to the attachment members. It is also contemplated that the tissue scaffolds can be attached to the attachment members either before or after the attachment members are attached to the anchors. The scaffold is then inserted into the annulus defect, and the attachment members manipulated to secure the scaffold to the anchors.

[0009] In one form of the invention, the scaffold is compressible for insertion into the annulus defect. When the scaffold returns to its normal relaxed state, it substantially seals or fills the defect. An attachment member extends through the scaffold and attaches the scaffold anchors engaged to the adjacent vertebrae.

[0010] According to another aspect of the invention, an annulus repair system is provided. One embodiment of the annulus repair system includes a scaffold having an attachment portion. In one form, anchors are used to secure the attachment portion to the adjacent vertebral bodies. In another form, sutures secure the attachment portion to the annulus tissue surrounding the defect. In a further form, the attachment portion is secured to the adjacent vertebral bodies and also to the annulus tissue surrounding the defect.

[0011] According to a further aspect of the invention, a non-porous material is positionable in an annulus defect and incorporates into the natural tissue ingrowth.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012]FIG. 1 is directed to one embodiment of an annulus repair system according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0013]FIG. 2 is the annulus repair system of FIG. 1 positioned in a defect in a spinal disc annulus.

[0014] FIGS. 3(a)-3(c) illustrate various embodiments of anchors usable with the system of FIG. 1.

[0015] FIGS. 4(a)-4(f) illustrate various embodiments of a scaffold usable with the system of FIG. 1.

[0016] FIGS. 5(a)-5(d) illustrate various steps of one embodiment of a method for repairing an annulus defect using the system of FIG. 1.

[0017] FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate a side elevational view and a perspective view, respectively of one embodiment of a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion according to another aspect of the present invention.

[0018] FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) illustrate the tissue scaffold of FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) inserted in an annulus defect having an attachment portion secured to the annulus tissue around the defect.

[0019] FIGS. 8(a)-8(d) illustrate various embodiments of a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion for anchoring to bony or hard tissues.

[0020] FIGS. 9(a)-9(d) illustrate various embodiments of a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion for anchoring to soft tissues.

[0021] FIGS. 10(a)-10(d) illustrate various embodiments of a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion for anchoring to both hard and soft tissues.

[0022] FIGS. 11(a)-11(d) illustrate various tissue scaffolds in an annulus defect having an attachment portion anchored to the adjacent vertebral bodies.

[0023] FIGS. 12(a)-12(f) illustrates various steps of a method forming a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion from a sheet of fabric or non-woven mesh.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

[0025] The annulus repair system and methods include a tissue scaffold retained by an attachment mechanism within a defect in the annulus fibrosis of a spinal disc. For example, the tissue scaffold substantially fills a defect or void within the annulus fibrosis, such as may be caused by surgery or disc herniation. The tissue scaffold includes a soft tissue ingrowth structure whereby the soft tissue grows through the tissue scaffold and occludes the defect or void. The attachment mechanism is connectable with the tissue scaffold and with anchoring mechanisms. The anchoring mechanisms may be fixedly attached to soft tissue and/or hard tissue or bone adjacent to the defect or void. Thus, the attachment mechanism retains the tissue scaffold in a substantially fixed position within the defect or void relative to adjacent soft or hard tissue.

[0026] The scaffold comprises structure that facilitates the formation of natural tissues in the defect space. The scaffold can be resorbable, partially resorbable, or non-resorbable. The tissue scaffold can be any one of or combination of rigid, semi-rigid, compliant, resilient, elastic, compressible, expandable, and/or flexible. The scaffold can be porous, non-porous, or partially porous. For example, the scaffold may be porous, and can be formed from an open or closed cell foam, rolled up woven fabric or non-woven mesh, or braided or woven structures. Additionally, the scaffold may be capable of assuming various shapes that generally conform with the annulus defect. Growth factors or cells can be incorporated into or contained in the scaffold to accelerate the annulus repair process by tissue ingrowth or formation. Growth factors can be transforming growth factor β1, insulin-like growth factor 1, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, and combinations thereof.

[0027] In one embodiment the scaffold comprises a non-porous composite structure with at least one resorbable phase and at least one non-resorbable phase. The resorbable and non-resorbable phases are intermingled to form a uniform but heterogeneous material. The resorbable phase is gradually replaced by natural tissues while the non-resorbable phase is incorporated into natural tissue for fixation in order to repair and reinforce the defect. One example of the non-resorbable phase is a three-dimensional woven structure with a mesh size appropriate for cell migration (50-500 microns.) Further examples of non-resorbable materials are provided below. The voids in and/or among the non-resorbable phase are filled with resorbable material. Examples of non-resorbable materials are provided below.

[0028] The non-porous tissue scaffold can initially be relatively rigid for insertion. As the resorbable phase absorbs body fluid in vivo, the tissue scaffold becomes more compliant. The non-porous tissue scaffold is gradually incorporated as the resorbable phase is replaced by natural tissue. The tissue scaffold may not be porous as the space originally occupied by the resorbable phase is replaced by natural tissue as the resorbable material is resorbed or removed in vivo. Growth factors or cells can be incorporated into the resorbable phase to further promote tissue ingrowth.

[0029] The scaffold can be suturable and tear-resistant, and can be made from any biocompatible material, material of synthetic or natural origin, and material of a resorbable or non-resorbable nature. Suitable examples of scaffold material include autograft, allograft or xenograft; tissue materials including soft tissues, connective tissues, demineralized bone matrix and combinations thereof; resorbable materials including polylactide, polyglycolide, tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, polyanhydride, polyorthoester, polyphosphazene, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, collagen, albumin, fibrinogen and combinations thereof; and non-resorbable materials including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polytetrafluorethylene, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, cellulose, and combinations thereof.

[0030] In another form, the scaffold can be of the type discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,630 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0031] The anchors described herein can be made from any biocompatible material, including synthetic or natural autograft, allograft or xenograft tissues, and can be resorbable or non-resorbable nature. Examples of tissue materials include hard tissues, connective tissues, demineralized bone matrix and combinations thereof. Further examples of resorbable materials are polylactide, polyglycolide, tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, polyanhydride, polyorthoester, polyphosphazene, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and combinations thereof. Further examples of non-resorbable materials are carbon-reinforced polymer composites, shape-memory alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, cobalt chrome alloys, stainless steel, and combinations thereof. It is further contemplated that the anchors of the present invention can be any device securable within hard tissue or soft tissue and connectable with a scaffold and/or attachment member.

[0032] The attachment members can be any biocompatible material, such as sutures, tethers, cords, planar members, band, wire, cable, mesh, sheet, braid, or any other elongate member capable of retaining the scaffold within an annulus defect and connectable to tissue or to an anchor. Further, attachment member 40 can be resorbable or non-resorbable. Additionally, attachment member and anchors may be combined into a single or integral device.

[0033] Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated annulus repair system 15 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The annulus repair system 15 includes a pair of anchors 20, a scaffold 30, and an attachment member 40 movably connectable with scaffold 30 and pair of anchors 20. It should be understood that additional pairs of anchors 20 along with additional attachment members 40 could be provided and connected with scaffold 30.

[0034] In another embodiment, one or more attachment members 40 can movably connect one or more artificial disc members N′ to scaffold 30 and/or anchors 20. It is contemplated that artificial disc members N′ can be an artificial disc nucleus or disc prosthesis, fusion device or some other device that has been inserted into the disc space through defect X in isolation or in combination with one or more other artificial members. Attachment member 40 can extend through the body of artificial disc member N′ or through one or more preformed holes.

[0035] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a sectional view of a spinal column segment including annulus A, nucleus N, upper vertebra V1 and lower vertebra V2. Annulus A includes an annulus defect X. Annulus repair system 15 is shown with scaffold 30 positioned in annulus defect X and secured to the adjacent vertebral bodies V1 and V2. Scaffold 30 includes a first inner end 34 adjacent to or in contact with nucleus N and second outer end 35 generally aligned with the outer surface of annulus A. Anchors 20 are embedded in a respective one of the vertebral bodies V1, V2 through the cortical rim. Attachment member 40 has been pulled through scaffold 30 in order to tightly secure scaffold 30 to the anchors 20.

[0036] It is contemplated that defect X in annulus A may have been created in order to perform an annulotomy, discectomy, nucleotomy or some other procedure in the disc space, or the defect X has resulted due to aging, trauma, degenerative condition, or the like. It is further contemplated that nucleus N can be the natural spinal disc nucleus pulposis, or can be an artificial disc nucleus or disc prosthesis, fusion device or some other device that has been inserted into the disc space through defect X. The portion of annulus A surrounding defect X and extending around the nucleus N is substantially intact, or has been repaired using the system and method of the present invention or some other known annulus repair technique.

[0037] It is contemplated that scaffold 30 has a length between first end 34 and outer end 35 sufficient to contact nucleus N and extend through defect X to the outer surface of annulus A. The height of scaffold 30 between vertebral bodies V1 and V2, and the width of scaffold 30 along annulus A, is such that scaffold 30 occupies all or substantially all of defect X, thereby effectively sealing defect X.

[0038] Referring now to FIGS. 3(a)-3(c), various embodiments of anchor 20 are illustrated. In FIG. 3(a) anchor 20 a has shank 22 a having a hole 26 a formed at one end thereof and an opposite pointed end 28 a to facilitate penetration into the vertebral body. A thread form 24 a is provided along shank 22 a to facilitate rotatable insertion of anchor 20 a, and also to resist pullout from the vertebral body once inserted therein. In FIG. 3(b), anchor 20 b is provided having a shank 22 b with a hole 26 b at one end and an opposite pointed end 28 b. A number of barbs 24 b extend radially and outwardly from shank 22 b. Barbs 24 b preferably have a downward slope toward hole 26 b to resist pull out of anchor 20 b from the vertebral body. In FIG. 3(c), anchor 20 c includes shank 22 c having a hole 26 c at one end and an opposite pointed end 28 c. A pair of gulls 24 c extend outwardly and downwardly from shank 22 c towards hole 26 c. Gulls 24 c are preferably pivotable so that gulls 24 c are positioned along shaft 22 c during insertion of anchor 20 c, and then pivot outwardly to the configuration shown in FIG. 3(c) upon application of a pullout force so that gulls 24 c resist pullout of anchor 20 c from the vertebral body.

[0039] Referring now to FIGS. 4(a)-4(f), various embodiments of scaffold 30 are provided. In FIG. 4(a) tissue scaffold 30 a has a body 32 a with a cylindrical shape extending between a first end 34 a and an opposite second end 35 a. In FIG. 4(b) scaffold 30 b has a body 32 b with a racetrack or oval shape extending between a first end 34 b and an opposite second end 35 b. In FIG. 4(c) tissue scaffold 30 c has body 32 c with a tapered shape that reduces in size as it extends between a first end 34 c and an opposite second end 35 c. In FIG. 4(d) tissue scaffold 30 d has a body 32 d with a hexagonal shape extending between a first end 34 d and an opposite second end 35 d. In FIG. 4(e) tissue scaffold 30 e has a body 32 e with a circular shape that tapers in size between a first end 34 e and an opposite second end 35 e to form an overall hourglass shape having a reduced size mid-portion. In FIG. 4(f) tissue scaffold 30 f has a body 32 f with a circular shape that tapers in size between a first end 34 f and an opposite reduced size second end 35 f. It is contemplated that first end 34 f is positioned adjacent to or in contact with nucleus N, and the larger size of first end 34 f resists pushout of body 32 f from the annulus defect X. Such anchors could have a funnel shape, mushroom shape, or umbrella shape.

[0040] In each of the illustrated embodiments in FIGS. 4(a)-4(f), it is contemplated that scaffold 30 is inserted into the defect in the annulus such that one of the end surfaces 34 or 35 is positioned adjacent the nucleus and the other end surface is positioned along the outer surface of the annulus. It also contemplated that scaffold 30 can be provided with a length that does not extend completely along the length of the defect through the annulus, but rather has an inner end spaced from nucleus N and/or an opposite end that is recessed in the annulus with respect to the outer surface of the annulus.

[0041] Referring now to FIGS. 5(a)-5(d), various steps of one embodiment of a method using the system of FIG. 1 are shown. In FIG. 5(a) first bore 50 is formed in upper vertebral V1 and a second bore 50 is formed in lower vertebral V2. Anchor bores 50 may be formed at annulus defect X and through the cortical rim of the vertebral end plate of the respective vertebral body. It is also contemplated that bores 50 could be formed at other locations suitable for securing the anchors, such as through the sidewalls of the vertebral bodies. Annulus repair system 15 may then be pre-assembled in a manner as shown in FIG. 1, such that anchors 20 and anchors 30 are movably connected to attachment member 40. In FIG. 5(b) anchors 20 are placed in respective ones of the anchor bores 50. In FIG. 5(c) attachment member 40 has been pulled through scaffold 30, and scaffold 30 positioned into annulus defect X. Scaffold 30 can be compressed or otherwise deformed in order to facilitate insertion into annulus defect X, whereby scaffold 30 returns towards its uncompressed or undeformed configuration to substantially occupy and/or seal defect X. In FIG. 5(d) attachment member 40 is tied or otherwise fixed to secure scaffold 30 in the desired position in defect X. It is also contemplated that anchors 20 can be first embedded into bores 50 without attachment member 40 attached thereto. Attachment member 40 and scaffold 30 are then attached to the embedded anchors 20. It is further contemplated that more than one anchor can be embedded in each vertebrae, and that more than one attachment member can be used to secure scaffold 30 to the one or more embedded anchors.

[0042] Referring now to FIGS. 6-12, other forms of the scaffold will be described. The scaffolds of FIGS. 6-12 are similar to scaffold 30 described above, however, the scaffolds of FIGS. 6-12 further include an attachment portion extending from the body portion of the scaffold for direct attachment of the scaffold to the hard and/or soft tissue adjacent the annulus defect. The scaffolds and anchors used with the scaffolds of FIG. 6-12 can be made from the same materials and combinations of materials as scaffolds and anchors discussed above.

[0043] FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) provide an elevational view and perspective view, respectively, of one embodiment of a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion. Scaffold 55 includes a scaffold body portion 56 insertable in annulus defect X. Body portion 56 has an inner first end 58 positionable towards nucleus N and an opposite outer second end 59 of body portion 56 generally alignable with the outer surface of the annulus tissue surrounding the defect. Scaffold 55 includes an attachment portion 57 connected to or formed with second end 59 that extends outwardly from body portion 56. Attachment portion 57 is preferably flexible and securable to the annulus tissue or the vertebral bodies adjacent to defect X.

[0044] Referring to FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b), scaffold 55 having attachment portion 57 laterally oriented is shown with body portion 56 positioned in annulus defect X. The attachment portion 57 extends along the outer surface of annulus tissue A. Attachment portion 57 is secured to annulus tissue A surrounding annulus defect X via sutures 90 to maintain the positioning of scaffold 55 in the defect.

[0045] Referring now to FIGS. 8(a) through 8(d), various embodiments of tissue scaffold 55 having an attachment portion connectable to hard tissue, such as the bony vertebral bodies V1 and V2, is provided. The attachment portions can be secured to the vertebral bodies adjacent annulus defect X via anchors to maintain the positioning of scaffold 55 in the defect.

[0046] In FIG. 8(a) scaffold 60 a includes a scaffold body portion 62 a extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 63 a extending from the outer end of body portion 62 a. Attachment portion 63 a includes an upper tab 64 a having a rectangular shape extending upwardly from body portion 62 a and lower tab 65 a having a rectangular shape extending downwardly from body portion 62 a. Upper tab 64 a includes a pair of upper holes 66 a, and lower tab 65 a includes a pair of lower holes 67 a. Anchors, screws, staples pins or other attachment means positionable through holes 66 a, 67 a can be used to secure the attachment portion to vertebrae V1 and V2. As shown in FIG. 11(a), an anchor in the form of staples 20 e are positioned through the tabs to secure scaffold 60 a to vertebrae V1, V2. In FIG. 11(b) an anchor in the form of screws 20 d are positioned through the holes in the tab to secure scaffold 60 a to vertebrae V1, V2.

[0047] In FIG. 8(b) scaffold 60 b includes a scaffold body portion 62 b extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 63 b extending from the outer end of body portion 62 b. Attachment portion 63 b includes an upper tab 64 b having a semi-circular shape extending upwardly from body 62 b and lower tab 65 b having a semi-circular shape extending downwardly from body portion 62 b. Upper tab 64 b includes an upper hole 66 b, and lower tab 65 b includes lower hole 67 b. Anchors, staples, screws, pins or other attachment means positionable through holes 66 b, 67 b can be used to secure the attachment portion to vertebrae V1, V2. As shown in FIG. 11(a), staples 20 e are positioned through the tabs to secure scaffold 60 b to vertebrae V1, V2. In FIG. 11(b) screws 20 d are positioned through the holes in the tabs to secure scaffold 60 b to vertebrae V1, V2.

[0048] In FIG. 8(c) scaffold 60 c includes a scaffold body portion 62 c extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 63 c extending from the outer end of body portion 62 c. Attachment portion 63 c includes an upper tab 64 c having a semi-circular shape extending upwardly from body 62 c and a lower tab 65 c having a semi-circular shape extending downwardly from body portion 62 c. Suture anchors, screws, pins or staples or other attachment means positionable through the upper and lower tabs 64 c, 65 c can be used to secure the attachment portion to vertebra V1, V2. As shown in FIG. 11(a), staples 20 e are positioned through the tabs to secure scaffold 60 c to vertebrae V1, V2. In FIG. 11(b) screws 20 d are positioned directly through the tabs to secure scaffold 60 c to vertebrae V1, V2.

[0049] In FIG. 8(d) scaffold 60 d includes a scaffold body portion 62 d extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 63 d extending from the outer end of body portion 62 d. Attachment portion 63 d includes an upper tab 64 d having an elongated, reduced width shape extending upwardly from body 62 d and a lower tab 65 d having an elongated, reduced width shape extending downwardly from body portion 62 d. As shown in FIG. 11(c), these elongated, reduced width tabs can be attached to or engaged by an embedded anchor, such as the gull anchor 20 d, with the attachment member partially embedded into vertebrae V1, V2 along with the anchor. In yet another form, the upper and lower tabs can be pushed into bores formed in vertebrae V1, V2, and held in place in the bore by positioning an anchor in the bore alongside the tab, such as threaded interference anchor 20 f shown in FIG. 11(d).

[0050] In FIGS. 9(a) through 9(d), there are shown various further embodiments of scaffold 55 having an attachment portion connectable to the adjacent annulus tissue surrounding annulus defect X. In FIG. 9(a) scaffold 70 a includes a scaffold body portion 72 a extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 73 a extending from the outer end of body portion 72 a. Attachment portion 73 a includes a first lateral tab 74 a having a rectangular shape extending outwardly from body 72 a and an opposite second lateral tab 75 a having a rectangular shape extending outwardly from body portion 72 a. Lateral tabs 74 a, 75 a can be engaged to the annulus tissue adjacent annulus defect X with sutures, staples, or other suitable attachment means.

[0051] In FIG. 9(b) scaffold 70 b includes a scaffold body portion 72 b extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 73 b extending from the outer end of body portion 72 b. Attachment portion 73 b includes a first lateral tab 74 b having a semi-circular shape extending outwardly from body 72 b and an opposite second lateral tab 75 b having a semi-circular shape extending outwardly from body portion 72 b. Lateral tabs 74 b, 75 b can be engaged to the annulus tissue adjacent annulus defect X with sutures, staples, or other suitable attachment means.

[0052] In FIG. 9(c) scaffold 70 c includes a scaffold body portion 72 c extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 73 c extending from the outer end of body portion 72 c. Attachment portion 73 c includes a first lateral tab 74 c having a semi-circular shape that tapers to a reduced height at body portion 72 c, and an opposite second lateral tab 75 c having a semi-circular shape extending outwardly from body portion 72 c that also tapers to a reduced height at body portion 72 c. The tapered lateral tabs 74 c, 75 c form a figure eight shaped attachment portion 73 c. Lateral tabs 74 c, 75 c can be engaged to the annulus tissue adjacent annulus defect X with sutures, staples, or other suitable attachment means.

[0053] In FIG. 9(d) scaffold 70 d includes a scaffold body portion 72 d extending between an inner end and an outer end and an attachment portion 73 d extending from the outer end of body portion 72 d. Attachment portion 73 d includes a first lateral tab 74 d having a pair of laterally extending flanges 76 d at the end of the tab opposite body portion 72 d. Attachment portion 73 d also includes an opposite second lateral tab 75 d having a pair of laterally extending flanges 77 d at the end of the tab opposite body portion 72 d. The lateral flanges on lateral tabs 74 d, 75 d provide extensions that add perimeter length for suture attachment. Lateral tabs 74 d, 75 d can be engaged to the annulus tissue adjacent annulus defect X with sutures, staples, or other suitable attachment means.

[0054] Referring now to FIGS. 10(a) through 10(d) various embodiments of a scaffold are provided with attachment portions for securement to both hard tissue and soft tissue using the anchors and/or sutures as discussed above. Such attachment portions include any member or combinations of members respectively securable to hard tissue and soft tissue, and in any configuration for retaining a scaffold within an annulus defect.

[0055] In FIG. 10(a) scaffold 80 a has a body portion 82 a and an attachment portion 83 a extending from the outer end of body portion 82 a. Attachment portion 83 a has an upper tab 84 a and an opposite lower tab 85 a for securement to hard tissue. Upper tab 84 a has a hole 88 a to receive an anchor, and lower tab 85 a has a hole 89 a to receive an anchor. Attachment portion 83 a also includes opposite laterally extending tabs 86 a, 87 a for attachment to the soft tissue surrounding the defect. The upper and lower tabs and lateral tabs together form an octagonal shape.

[0056] In FIG. 10(b) scaffold 80 b has a body portion 82 b with attachment portion 83 b extending from the outer end of body portion 82 b. Attachment portion 83 b has an upper tab 84 b and an opposite lower tab 85 b. The upper and lower tabs 84 b, 85 b include holes 88 b, 89 b, respectively, to receive an anchor. Attachment portion 83 b also includes first lateral tab 86 b and opposite second lateral tab 87 b for attachment to the soft tissue surrounding the defect. In this embodiment, the upper and lower tabs and lateral tabs together form a cross shape.

[0057] Referring now to FIG. 10(c) scaffold 80 c has body portion 82 c with attachment portion 83 c extending from the outer end of body portion 82 c. Attachment portion 83 c includes an upper tab 84 c having hole 88 c to receive an anchor. Attachment portion 83 c has a lower tab 85 c having a hole 89 c to receive an anchor. Attachment portion 83 c further includes first lateral tab 86 c and opposite second lateral tab 87 c for attachment to the soft tissue surrounding the defect. In this embodiment, the upper and lower tabs and the lateral tabs together form an arcuate or curvilinear cross-type shape.

[0058] Referring now to FIG. 10(d) scaffold 80 d has a body portion 82 d with an attachment portion 83 d extending from the outer end of body portion 82 d. Attachment portion 83 d includes upper tab 84 d and lower tab 85 d. Tabs 84 d, 85 d have an elongated, reduced width configuration for embedding into the vertebrae V1, V2 as discussed above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 8(d) and as shown in FIGS. 11(c) and 11(d). Attachment portion 83 d also includes first lateral portion 86 d and opposite lateral portion 87 d for attachment to the soft tissue surrounding the annulus defect.

[0059] With respect to the various embodiments of the scaffold having an attachment portion described above, the attachment portion can be joined or fixed to the body portion of the scaffold using various techniques. These techniques include, for example, sewing the attachment portion to the scaffold, thermal welding or bonding, adhesive bonding, three dimensional weaving or braiding, screws, staples, pins, tacks or rivet fixation, or forming the scaffold from existing continuous materials such as folding a sheet of fabric or non woven mesh. Furthermore, the attachment portion can be secured to the body portion of the tissue scaffold either before or after the body portion of the scaffold is placed into annulus defect X.

[0060] Referring now to FIGS. 12(a) through 12(f), a technique for forming a tissue scaffold having an attachment portion from a sheet of folded material is provided. In FIG. 12(a) there is provided a sheet 100 that is a sheet of fabric or non-woven mesh material. In FIG. 12(b) a base unit 102 is cut or stamped from sheet 100. Base unit 102 has attachment portion 104 formed by a first lateral tab 105 and an opposite second lateral tab 106. Base 102 further includes a non-folded body portion 103 that has an upper portion 107 that extends upwardly from attachment portion 104 and a lower portion 108 that extends downwardly from its junction with attachment portion 104. Base unit 102 further includes relief portions adjacent the junctions between non-folded body portion 103 and the attachment portion 104 to facilitate folding.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 12(c), the upper and lower portions 107, 108 of body portion 103 have each been folded in half, and then folded along fold line 109, 110, respectively, with respect to attachment portion 104 so as to extend outwardly from attachment portion 104 as shown by the folded body portion 103′ in FIG. 12(d). As shown in FIG. 12(e) a body portion for a tissue scaffold can be placed between upper and lower portions 107′, 108′ of holding portion 103′. Upper and lower portions 107′, 108′ are then attached to one another by threads to hold the body of the tissue scaffold in holding portion 103′. Scaffold 102 may then be inserted into the annulus defect as shown in FIG. 12(f), and the attachment portion 104 sutured, tethered, stapled, or otherwise secured to the soft or hard tissue adjacent to defect X.

[0062] While one technique for forming a tissue scaffold is provided above, it should be understood that the tissue scaffolds of the present invention can be fabricated by any technique as would occur to those skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

[0063] While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for repairing a defect in an annulus of a spinal disc, comprising: at least one tissue ingrowth structure having a body sized to substantially fill the defect in the annulus; at least one anchor attachable to tissue adjacent to the defect; and at least one attachment member fixedly connectable with said body and said at least one anchor.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said body of said tissue ingrowth structure is compressible for positioning in the defect in the annulus and resilient to return towards its uncompressed state to substantially seal the defect in the annulus.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one anchor is attached to a first vertebral body one side of the spinal disc and further comprising a second anchor attached to a second vertebral body on the other side of the spinal disc, said at least one attachment member connecting said tissue ingrowth structure to each of said anchors.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one attachment member is movably connected with said tissue ingrowth structure and said anchor in a first state.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one anchor is fixedly attached to hard tissue.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one anchor includes means for resisting pullout of said at least one anchor from the tissue.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein said means for resisting pullout is selected from the group consisting of: a thread form, barbs, serrations, ridges, and pivotable gulls.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said at least one anchor includes a hole for receiving said at least attachment member therethrough.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said body of said tissue ingrowth structure has a first inner end in contact with a nucleus of the spinal disc and a length extending to an opposite outer end adjacent the exterior surface of the annulus.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said body has a shape along said length selected from the group consisting of: a circular cross-section, a racetrack shaped cross-section, a circular cross-section tapering along said length from said inner end to a smaller outer end, a polygon-shaped cross-section.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein said inner end is larger than said outer end to resist pushout of said body from the defect in the annulus.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein said body defines a shape along said length selected from the group consisting of: a funnel shape, a mushroom shape, and an umbrella shape.
 13. The system of claim 9, wherein said nucleus is an artificial disc nucleus and said body of said tissue ingrowth structure is attached to said artificial disc nucleus.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein said body of said tissue ingrowth structure extends between an inner end and an opposite outer end, and said attachment member comprises an attachment portion extending from said outer end of said body.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein said attachment portion includes a first tab extending from said body in a first direction and a second tab extending from said body in a second direction.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein said first tab and second tab are oriented for attachment to first and second vertebral bodies, respectively, on either side of the spinal disc.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein said first tab and said second tab are oriented for attachment to annulus tissue on opposite sides of the annulus defect.
 18. The system of claim 14, wherein said attachment portion includes: a first tab extending from said body to a first vertebral body on one side of the spinal disc; a second tab extending from said body to a second vertebral body on the other side of the spinal disc; a third tab extending from said body laterally to a first soft tissue portion adjacent to the annulus defect; and a fourth tab extending from said body laterally to a second soft tissue portion opposite the first soft tissue portion relative to the annulus defect.
 19. The system of claim 1, wherein at least said body of said tissue ingrowth structure is made from a resorbable material selected from the group consisting of: autograft, allograft, xenograft, soft tissue, connective tissue, demineralized bone matrix, polylactide, polyglycolide, tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, polyanhydride, polybrthoester, polyphosphazene, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, collagen, albumin, fibrinogen and combinations thereof.
 20. The system of claim 1, wherein at least said body of said tissue ingrowth structure is made from a non-resorbable material selected from the group consisting of: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polytetrafluorethylene, poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, cellulose, and combinations thereof.
 21. The system of claim 1, wherein said tissue ingrowth structure, said at least one anchor, and said at least one attachment member each comprise resorbable material.
 22. The system of claim 1, wherein said tissue ingrowth structure, said at least one anchor, and said at least one attachment member each comprise non-resorbable material.
 23. The system of claim 1, wherein said tissue ingrowth structure further comprises growth factors.
 24. The system of claim 1, wherein said ingrowth structure is nonporous.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein said tissue ingrowth structure comprises at least one resorbable phase and at least one non-resorbable phase.
 26. A system for repairing a defect in an annulus of a spinal disc, comprising: at least one tissue scaffold having a body sized to substantially fill the defect, said body having an inner end and an opposite outer end generally aligned with the exterior surface of the annulus; an attachment portion extending from said outer end of said body along tissue outside the spinal disc adjacent the defect; and means for attaching said attachment portion to the tissue.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein said body extends along a central axis in the defect and said attachment portion extends from said outer end of said body transversely to said central axis.
 28. The system of claim 26, wherein said means for attaching is selected from the group consisting of: sutures, anchors, staples, screws, and pins.
 29. The system of claim 26, wherein said attachment portion includes at least one hole for receiving said means for attaching.
 30. The system of claim 26, wherein said body of said tissue scaffold substantially occludes the defect in the annulus.
 31. The system of claim 26, wherein said attachment portion includes a first tab extending from said body in a first direction and a second tab extending from said body in a second direction.
 32. The system of claim 31, wherein said first and second tabs are embedded into the first and second vertebral bodies.
 33. The system of claim 31, wherein said first tab and second tab are oriented for attachment to annulus tissue on opposite lateral sides of the annulus defect.
 34. The system of claim 26, wherein said attachment portion includes: a first tab extending from said body toward a first vertebral body on one said of the spinal disc; a second tab extending from said body toward a second vertebral body on the other side of the spinal disc; a third tab extending from said body laterally to a first soft tissue portion adjacent to the annulus defect; and a fourth tab extending from said body laterally to a second soft tissue portion opposite the first soft tissue portion relative to the annulus defect.
 35. A system for repairing a defect in an annulus of a spinal disc, comprising: at least one tissue scaffold having a body sized to substantially fill the defect in the annulus, wherein said body has a first inner end in contact with a nucleus in the spinal disc space and a length extending to an opposite outer end adjacent the exterior surface of the annulus; at least one anchor attachable to tissue adjacent the defect; and at least one attachment member fixedly connectable with said body and said at least one anchor.
 36. A system for repairing a defect in an annulus of a spinal disc, comprising: an artificial disc nucleus between vertebrae on either side of the spinal disc; at least one tissue scaffold having a body sized to substantially fill the defect in the annulus; at least one anchor attachable to tissue adjacent to the defect; and at least one attachment member fixedly connectable with said artificial disc nucleus and said at least one tissue scaffold.
 37. The system of claim 36, wherein said at least one attachment member includes an attachment member fixedly connectable with said at least one tissue scaffold and said at least one anchor.
 38. A method for repairing an annulus defect of a spinal disc, comprising: securing a first anchor to a first vertebral body on one side of the spinal disc; securing a second anchor to a second vertebral body on the other side of the spinal disc; connecting the at least one attachment member to a body of a tissue scaffold; connecting the at least one attachment member to the first and second anchors; positioning the body of the tissue scaffold in the annulus defect; and tightening the at least one attachment member to secure the tissue scaffold in the annulus defect and to the first and second anchors.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the at least one attachment member is attached to the first and second anchors before the first and second anchors are secured to the first and second vertebral bodies.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the at least one attachment member is attached to the first and second anchors before the attachment member is connected to the body of the tissue scaffold.
 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the body of the tissue scaffold is compressed before it is positioned in the annulus defect.
 42. A method for repairing an annulus defect of a spinal disc, comprising: providing a tissue scaffold having a body sized to substantially fill the annulus defect and an attachment portion extending from an outer end of the body along tissue adjacent the annulus defect; positioning the body in the annulus defect with an outer end of the body generally aligned with an exterior surface of the annulus and with the attachment portion outside the disc space oriented along tissue adjacent the annulus defect; and securing the attachment portion to the tissue.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the attachment portion extends along vertebral bodies on each side of the spinal disc space when the body is positioned in the annulus defect and the attachment portion is secured to each of the vertebral bodies.
 44. The method of claim 42, wherein the attachment portion extends laterally from the body of the tissue scaffold when the body is positioned in the annulus defect and the attachment portion is secured to soft tissue on either side of the annulus defect.
 45. The method of claim 42, wherein: the attachment portion extends along the vertebral bodies on either side of the spinal disc when the body is positioned in the annulus defect and the attachment portion is secured each of the vertebral bodies; and the attachment portion further extends laterally from the body of the tissue scaffolde when the body is positioned in the annulus defect and the attachment portion is secured to soft tissue on either side of the annulus defect.
 46. A device for repairing an annulus defect of a spinal disc, the device comprising a non-porous material positionable in the annulus defect adapted to incorporate with natural tissue growth into the defect.
 47. The device of claim 46, wherein said material includes at least one resorbable phase and at least one non-resorbable phase. 